Primary net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) … Primary Percent GDP in China
China: Primary net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) … Primary Percent GDP was -6.08 in 2030. ◆ Volatile
Primary net lending (+) / net borrowing (-), General government in China, 1991–2030
Source: International Monetary Fund.
Analysis
China recorded -6.08 for primary net lending (+) / net borrowing (-), general government in 2030.
The figure is up 2.8% on the previous year and up 29.5% over ten years.
Over the whole period, primary net lending (+) / net borrowing (-), general government in China peaked at 0.4412 in 2007 and was at its lowest, -8.62, in 2020.
That places China 178th out of 188 countries with data for 2030, putting it in the bottom quarter.
The series is highly variable year to year, so single readings are best treated with caution.
Primary net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) … Primary Percent GDP in China, year by year
| Year | Value | Change |
|---|---|---|
| 1991 | -0.6845 | — |
| 1992 | -0.697 | +1.8% |
| 1993 | -0.6183 | -11.3% |
| 1994 | -1.33 | +115.8% |
| 1995 | -0.4359 | -67.3% |
| 1996 | -0.1904 | -56.3% |
| 1997 | 0.0118 | -106.2% |
| 1998 | -0.2254 | -2013.8% |
| 1999 | -1.64 | +628.6% |
| 2000 | -2.09 | +27.1% |
| 2001 | -1.85 | -11.5% |
| 2002 | -2.29 | +24.0% |
| 2003 | -1.67 | -27.2% |
| 2004 | -1.03 | -38.5% |
| 2005 | -0.9524 | -7.2% |
| 2006 | -0.6887 | -27.7% |
| 2007 | 0.4412 | -164.1% |
| 2008 | 0.3792 | -14.0% |
| 2009 | -1.3 | -442.7% |
| 2010 | 0.0879 | -106.8% |
| 2011 | 0.3875 | +340.6% |
| 2012 | 0.1842 | -52.5% |
| 2013 | -0.3184 | -272.9% |
| 2014 | -0.1262 | -60.4% |
| 2015 | -2 | +1482.2% |
| 2016 | -2.66 | +33.2% |
| 2017 | -2.6 | -2.4% |
| 2018 | -3.41 | +31.3% |
| 2019 | -5.17 | +51.6% |
| 2020 | -8.62 | +66.9% |
| 2021 | -5.01 | -41.9% |
| 2022 | -6.4 | +27.7% |
| 2023 | -5.79 | -9.5% |
| 2024 | -6.39 | +10.3% |
| 2025 | -7.34 | +14.9% |
| 2026 | -7.1 | -3.2% |
| 2027 | -6.83 | -3.9% |
| 2028 | -6.55 | -4.0% |
| 2029 | -6.25 | -4.5% |
| 2030 | -6.08 | -2.8% |
China compared with similar countries
- China's -6.08 is below the median for upper middle income countries, which is 0.0281. (55 countries reporting)
- China's -6.08 is below the median for East Asia & Pacific, which is -1.01, 6.0× the median. (27 countries reporting)
Biggest year-on-year movements
Years where Primary net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) … Primary Percent GDP in China changed far more than this series normally does. A large move can be a real event or a change in how the figure was measured — the source note below says who published it.
| Year | Change | From | To |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1998 | -2013.8% | 0.0118 | -0.2254 |
| 2015 | -1482.2% | -0.1262 | -2 |
| 1999 | -628.6% | -0.2254 | -1.64 |
| 2009 | -442.7% | 0.3792 | -1.3 |
| 2011 | +340.6% | 0.0879 | 0.3875 |
Averages by decade
| Decade | Average | Lowest | Highest | Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990s | -0.6462 | -1.64 | 0.0118 | 9 |
| 2000s | -1.1 | -2.29 | 0.4412 | 10 |
| 2010s | -1.56 | -5.17 | 0.3875 | 10 |
| 2020s | -6.63 | -8.62 | -5.01 | 10 |
| 2030s | -6.08 | -6.08 | -6.08 | 1 |
Countries ranked near China
More external debt data for China
- Net financial flows, IBRD -721.11 million NFL, current US$ (2025)
- IFC, private nonguaranteed (NFL, US$), per capita 0.2265 NFL, US$ per person (2024)
- IFC, private nonguaranteed (NFL, US$), per unit of GDP 0 NFL, US$ per US$ of GDP (2024)
- IFC, private nonguaranteed (NFL, US$), per square kilometre 0.6221 NFL, US$ per square kilometre (2023)
- Net financial flows, IDA (NFL, current US$), per capita -0.0745 NFL, current US$ per person (2024)
- Net financial flows, IDA (NFL, current US$), per unit of GDP -0 NFL, current US$ per US$ of GDP (2024)
- Net financial flows, IDA (NFL, current US$), per square kilometre -17.41 NFL, current US$ per square kilometre (2023)
- Use of IMF credit 49.58 billion DOD, current US$ (2025)
- External debt stocks, public and publicly guaranteed (PPG) 460.23 billion DOD, current US$ (2025)
- External debt stocks, long-term 968.18 billion DOD, current US$ (2025)
Frequently asked questions
- What is primary net lending (+) / net borrowing (-), general government in China?
- Primary net lending (+) / net borrowing (-), general government in China was -6.08 in 2030, according to International Monetary Fund.
- What is the highest primary net lending (+) / net borrowing (-), general government recorded in China?
- The highest recorded value was 0.4412 in 2007.
- What is the lowest primary net lending (+) / net borrowing (-), general government recorded in China?
- The lowest recorded value was -8.62 in 2020.
- How does China rank for primary net lending (+) / net borrowing (-), general government?
- China ranks 178th out of 188 countries with data for 2030.
- Is primary net lending (+) / net borrowing (-), general government rising or falling in China?
- Over the last ten years it is up 29.5%. The long-run trend across the full record is volatile.
- Where does this China data come from?
- The figures come from International Monetary Fund, published as part of Primary net lending (+) / net borrowing (-), General government, Percent of GDP. Statizoid updates them automatically from the source API.
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About this data
Fiscal Monitor (FM) 2025 October