Statizoid

Primary net lending (+) / net borrowing (-), General government, Percent of GDP by country

Fiscal Monitor (FM) 2025 October

Countries reporting
188
Highest
7.98
Suriname
Lowest
-51.51
Timor-Leste
Median
-0.308
Years covered
40
1991–2030
Data points
7,312

What the numbers show

Primary net lending (+) / net borrowing (-), General government, Percent of GDP is currently reported for 188 countries. The highest value is 7.98 in Suriname; the lowest is -51.51 in Timor-Leste.

The median across all reporting countries is -0.308, and the mean is -0.8328.

Over the past decade 167 countries rose and 21 fell. The largest increase was in Congo (up 6,974.9%), and the largest decrease in Denmark (down 2,363.8%).

Primary net lending (+) / net borrowing (-), General government: full country ranking

#Country LatestYear 10-year changeTrend
1 Suriname 7.98 2030 up 196.0% volatile
2 Congo 7.3 2030 up 6,974.9% volatile
3 Norway 6.7 2030 up 246.7% volatile
4 United Arab Emirates 5.11 2030 up 340.6% volatile
5 Eritrea 4.48 2019 up 125.4% volatile
6 Barbados 4.46 2030 up 629.4% volatile
7 Oman 4.44 2030 up 134.2% volatile
8 Aruba 4.3 2030 up 137.2% volatile
9 Nicaragua 4.22 2030 up 404.4% volatile
10 Sao Tome and Principe 4.16 2030 up 26.5% volatile
11 Qatar 3.87 2030 up 1,923.8% volatile
12 El Salvador 3.73 2030 up 197.0% volatile
13 Mauritius 3.61 2030 up 145.6% volatile
14 Bahamas 3.58 2030 up 175.3% volatile
15 South Sudan 3.54 2030 up 178.7% volatile
16 Egypt 3.51 2030 up 195.1% volatile
17 Argentina 3.37 2030 up 154.0% volatile
18 Lao People's Democratic Republic 3.14 2030 up 177.6% volatile
19 Lesotho 3.1 2030 up 14.0% volatile
20 Trinidad and Tobago 2.96 2030 up 134.4% volatile
21 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2.88 2030 up 169.3% volatile
22 Zambia 2.7 2030 up 134.6% volatile
23 Jamaica 2.69 2030 down 16.2% falling
24 Cyprus 2.64 2030 up 173.7% volatile
25 Ecuador 2.36 2030 up 141.0% volatile
26 Mozambique 2.35 2030 up 168.7% volatile
27 Sri Lanka 2.3 2030 up 132.4% volatile
28 Seychelles 2.24 2030 up 117.0% volatile
29 Papua New Guinea 2.17 2030 up 134.8% volatile
30 Belarus 2.17 2030 up 278.6% volatile
31 Dominica 2.06 2030 up 136.2% volatile
32 Pakistan 2.02 2030 up 232.8% volatile
33 New Zealand 2 2030 up 154.4% volatile
34 Greece 1.98 2030 up 126.8% volatile
35 Italy 1.86 2030 up 130.4% volatile
36 Eswatini 1.82 2030 up 185.1% volatile
37 Senegal 1.76 2030 up 123.8% volatile
38 Iceland 1.75 2030 up 126.3% volatile
39 Mexico 1.75 2030 up 1,742.4% volatile
40 Namibia 1.67 2030 up 142.3% volatile
41 Lebanon 1.63 2030 up 137.4% volatile
42 Saint Lucia 1.61 2030 up 120.1% volatile
43 Angola 1.54 2030 down 64.4% volatile
44 Ukraine 1.54 2030 up 150.8% volatile
45 Dominican Republic 1.51 2030 up 132.3% volatile
46 Grenada 1.5 2030 up 158.5% volatile
47 Costa Rica 1.48 2030 up 139.4% volatile
48 San Marino 1.45 2030 up 104.0% volatile
49 Brazil 1.39 2030 up 118.5% volatile
50 Ireland 1.32 2030 up 133.9% volatile
51 Panama 1.3 2030 up 116.3% volatile
52 Cape Verde 1.25 2030 up 118.7% volatile
53 Colombia 1.2 2030 up 126.3% volatile
54 Gambia 1.15 2030 up 41.9% volatile
55 Antigua and Barbuda 1 2030 up 126.8% volatile
55 Ghana 1 2030 up 109.0% volatile
57 Armenia 0.986 2030 up 136.0% volatile
58 Bhutan 0.9575 2030 up 170.3% volatile
59 Philippines 0.8926 2030 up 124.0% volatile
60 Belize 0.8619 2030 up 112.7% volatile
61 Portugal 0.6756 2030 up 122.5% volatile
62 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 0.6703 2030 up 105.6% volatile
63 South Africa 0.6301 2030 up 111.4% volatile
64 Spain 0.6025 2030 up 107.5% volatile
65 Albania 0.5274 2030 up 111.5% volatile
66 Puerto Rico 0.4896 2030 down 68.3% volatile
67 Kenya 0.4847 2030 up 111.5% volatile
68 Zimbabwe 0.4606 2030 up 662.6% volatile
69 Paraguay 0.4457 2030 up 109.6% volatile
70 Rwanda 0.4429 2030 up 105.6% volatile
71 Uruguay 0.3648 2030 up 117.6% volatile
72 Sierra Leone 0.2724 2030 up 116.4% volatile
73 Guinea 0.2621 2030 up 110.9% volatile
74 Djibouti 0.2395 2030 up 112.3% volatile
75 Hungary 0.2387 2030 up 104.5% volatile
76 Hong Kong, China 0.2298 2030 up 102.1% volatile
77 Chad 0.2249 2030 down 88.4% volatile
78 Marshall Islands 0.1754 2030 down 93.8% volatile
79 Chile 0.1706 2030 up 102.6% volatile
80 Switzerland 0.1209 2030 up 104.1% volatile
81 Jordan 0.1024 2030 up 101.7% volatile
82 Mongolia 0.0719 2030 up 101.1% volatile
83 Serbia 0.0281 2030 up 100.6% volatile
84 North Macedonia -0.0024 2030 up 100.0% volatile
85 Azerbaijan -0.0246 2030 up 99.6% volatile
86 Uganda -0.0285 2030 up 99.5% volatile
87 Sweden -0.1099 2030 up 96.6% volatile
88 Kazakhstan -0.1779 2030 up 97.7% volatile
89 Ethiopia -0.191 2030 up 91.9% volatile
90 Indonesia -0.2084 2030 up 94.8% volatile
91 Peru -0.2142 2030 up 96.8% volatile
92 Micronesia, Federated States of -0.218 2030 down 103.3% volatile
93 Honduras -0.2419 2030 up 93.2% volatile
94 Cameroon -0.2893 2030 up 87.7% volatile
95 Guyana -0.3266 2030 up 95.5% volatile
96 Guinea-Bissau -0.3435 2030 up 95.8% volatile
97 Liberia -0.3547 2030 up 87.0% volatile
98 Nigeria -0.4208 2030 up 81.8% volatile
99 Tanzania, United Republic of -0.4661 2030 up 48.0% volatile
100 Yemen -0.4756 2030 up 80.3% volatile
101 Afghanistan -0.4945 2024 up 70.7% volatile
102 Malawi -0.5017 2030 up 89.6% volatile
103 Georgia -0.5657 2030 up 92.6% volatile
104 Türkiye -0.573 2030 up 79.9% volatile
105 Mauritania -0.583 2030 down 115.7% volatile
106 Australia -0.6414 2030 up 91.8% volatile
107 Fiji -0.6758 2030 up 87.7% volatile
108 Central African Republic -0.7136 2030 up 75.7% volatile
109 Comoros -0.7316 2030 down 175.6% volatile
110 Kyrgyzstan -0.748 2030 up 64.8% volatile
111 Togo -0.8 2030 up 83.0% volatile
112 Morocco -0.8178 2030 up 82.4% volatile
113 Congo, Democratic Republic of the -0.8292 2030 up 71.9% volatile
114 Republic of Korea -0.8382 2030 up 67.2% volatile
115 Russian Federation -0.8425 2030 up 77.5% volatile
116 Canada -0.879 2030 up 91.6% volatile
117 Côte d'Ivoire -0.8948 2030 up 75.1% volatile
118 Mali -0.923 2030 up 78.0% volatile
119 Guatemala -0.9687 2030 up 69.6% volatile
120 Burkina Faso -0.982 2030 up 74.1% volatile
121 Thailand -0.9981 2030 up 71.5% volatile
122 Viet Nam -1.01 2030 up 34.1% volatile
123 Libya -1.14 2030 up 94.9% volatile
124 Denmark -1.15 2030 down 2,363.8% volatile
125 Malaysia -1.23 2030 up 60.2% volatile
126 Bosnia and Herzegovina -1.23 2030 up 67.3% volatile
127 Malta -1.24 2030 up 83.6% volatile
128 Kosovo -1.36 2030 up 81.9% volatile
129 Uzbekistan -1.45 2030 up 51.3% volatile
130 Slovenia -1.45 2030 up 76.9% volatile
131 Benin -1.47 2030 up 46.2% volatile
132 Israel -1.53 2030 up 82.8% volatile
133 Croatia -1.53 2030 up 72.0% volatile
134 Nepal -1.56 2030 up 76.8% volatile
135 Austria -1.56 2030 up 77.9% volatile
136 Vanuatu -1.6 2030 down 42.1% volatile
137 Netherlands -1.6 2030 up 49.9% volatile
138 Haiti -1.61 2030 up 5.5% volatile
139 Iran, Islamic Republic of -1.62 2030 up 58.8% volatile
140 India -1.63 2030 up 77.6% rising
141 Equatorial Guinea -1.66 2030 down 283.1% volatile
142 Niger -1.67 2030 up 55.8% volatile
143 Montenegro -1.77 2030 up 78.6% volatile
144 Myanmar -1.77 2030 up 61.7% volatile
145 Tajikistan -1.78 2030 up 47.9% volatile
146 Republic of Moldova -1.85 2030 up 58.5% volatile
147 Somalia -1.88 2030 down 711.4% volatile
148 Bahrain -1.9 2030 up 84.6% volatile
149 Luxembourg -1.92 2030 up 42.4% volatile
150 Finland -2.03 2030 up 62.9% volatile
151 Solomon Islands -2.04 2030 up 8.9% volatile
152 Bulgaria -2.08 2030 up 25.7% volatile
153 Romania -2.12 2030 up 74.3% volatile
154 Poland -2.25 2030 up 59.5% volatile
155 Estonia -2.29 2030 up 57.6% volatile
156 Saudi Arabia -2.32 2030 up 80.6% volatile
157 Lithuania -2.4 2030 up 58.1% volatile
158 Germany -2.44 2030 up 37.7% volatile
159 Japan -2.48 2030 up 70.6% volatile
160 Sudan -2.5 2030 up 58.4% volatile
161 Bangladesh -2.6 2030 up 13.4% volatile
162 Tunisia -2.7 2030 up 54.4% volatile
163 Latvia -2.74 2030 up 7.2% volatile
164 Madagascar -2.87 2030 up 11.0% volatile
165 France -2.94 2030 up 61.7% volatile
166 Cambodia -2.97 2030 down 31.5% volatile
167 Czechia -3.13 2030 up 38.2% volatile
168 Burundi -3.31 2030 up 8.8% volatile
169 United States of America -3.44 2030 up 71.5% volatile
170 Belgium -3.56 2030 up 51.4% volatile
171 Botswana -3.6 2030 up 66.6% volatile
172 Iraq -4.06 2030 up 65.1% volatile
173 Slovakia -4.11 2030 up 4.3% volatile
174 Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of -4.54 2030 up 7.4% volatile
175 Saint Kitts and Nevis -4.62 2030 down 172.0% volatile
176 Maldives -5.24 2030 up 75.2% volatile
177 Gabon -5.57 2030 down 574.8% volatile
178 China -6.08 2030 up 29.5% volatile
179 Kuwait -6.64 2030 up 73.2% volatile
180 Algeria -7.2 2030 up 25.8% volatile
181 Syrian Arab Republic -7.26 2010 down 885.5% volatile
182 Bolivia, Plurinational State of -9.15 2030 up 18.5% volatile
183 Tuvalu -9.21 2030 down 212.1% volatile
184 Brunei Darussalam -9.35 2030 up 40.7% volatile
185 Tonga -12.03 2030 down 301.7% volatile
186 Kiribati -15.12 2030 down 497.3% volatile
187 Macau, China -37.04 2022 down 254.4% volatile
188 Timor-Leste -51.51 2030 down 173.7% volatile

Regions and income groups

Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.

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Primary net lending (+) / net borrowing (-), General government by country. Statizoid, drawing on International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 26 August 2026, from https://debt.statizoid.com/stat/primary-net-lending-net-borrowing-general-government-percent-of-gdp/

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About this data

Indicator
Primary net lending (+) / net borrowing (-), General government, Percent of GDP
Source
International Monetary Fund
Licence
IMF Terms and Conditions (attribution required)
Coverage
206 places, 7,312 data points, 1991–2030
Last refreshed

Fiscal Monitor (FM) 2025 October