Estonia vs Japan: Primary net lending (+) / net borrowing (-), General government
Estonia
-2.88
in 2031
Japan
-2.31
in 2031
Estonia rank
21st
Japan rank
19th
Primary net lending (+) / net borrowing (-), General government over time
- Estonia
- Japan
How they compare
Japan currently reports -2.31 against -2.88 in Estonia, a difference of 0.57.
The two have swapped places 5 times across 37 shared years of data; in 1995 it was Estonia ahead.
Estonia ranks 21st and Japan ranks 19th of 24 countries.
Across the 5 decades both report, Estonia averaged higher in 4 and Japan in 1.
Head to head by decade
| Decade | Estonia | Japan | Difference | Ahead |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990s | 0.1934 | -4.58 | 4.77 | Estonia |
| 2000s | 0.2586 | -4.69 | 4.95 | Estonia |
| 2010s | -0.5861 | -4.52 | 3.93 | Estonia |
| 2020s | -2.92 | -3 | 0.0805 | Estonia |
| 2030s | -2.92 | -2.26 | 0.6654 | Japan |
Averages of every year both report within each decade.
Frequently asked questions
- Which has higher primary net lending (+) / net borrowing (-), general government, Estonia or Japan?
- Japan, at -2.31 against -2.88 in Estonia as of 2031.
- What is the difference in primary net lending (+) / net borrowing (-), general government between Estonia and Japan?
- 0.57, with Japan ahead.
- How many years of comparable data are there for Estonia and Japan?
- 37 years are reported by both, from 1995 to 2031.
- How do Estonia and Japan rank globally for primary net lending (+) / net borrowing (-), general government?
- Estonia ranks 21st and Japan ranks 19th of 24 countries.
- Where does this data come from?
- International Monetary Fund, published as Primary net lending (+) / net borrowing (-), General government, Percent of GDP (9/26/2025). Statizoid refreshes it automatically from the source and publishes the full history for both places.
Individual pages
About this data
The World Economic Outlook (WEO) database is created during the biannual WEO exercise, which begins in January and June of each year and results in the April and September/October WEO publication. Selected series from the publication are available in a database format.